![]() ![]() Therefore, evaluation of disease activity using biochemical marker (hsCRP) and associated factors was the aim of this study. Citation21 Although the inflammatory marker in RA patient has been assessed earlier, there is no adequate comprehensive study done in Ethiopia regarding disease activity and its association with socio-demographic factors. Citation20 Occupational exposure, low economic status and level of education are some of socio-economic factors, which are associated with risk of RA. Citation19 A number of studies describe physical activity as a factor to decrease the level of hsCRP in arthritis patients. ![]() Citation18 On the other hand, the risk of RA increased among alcoholic drinkers with citrullinated protein antigen (ACPA) positive patients. Citation17 The occupational exposures to pesticides, mineral oils, and silica are some of the risk factors for the pathogenesis of RA. Citation16 Additionally, the risk of RA is expected to be elevated in the farming area with pesticides. Citation15 In contrast to this, the burden of RA diminished in consumption of diets with high content of omega-3 fatty acids, including Olive oil and fish oil. Citation14 Thus, the risk of RA becomes elevated by 2.29 in patients with high solid oil consumption. Citation13 The risk of the disease is elevated in patients who consumed diets with high amount of trans and saturated fatty acids. Citation12 On the other hand, diets may elevate the risk of RA by mediating systemic inflammation. Citation11 However, researchers showed that RA patients with smoking habit developed a high disease activity, fatigue, and pain as compared to the non-smoker one. Citation10 The association of disease activity, treatment efficacy, and antibodies with smoking is not clearly defined in different types of studies. Citation9 Expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines may be elevated in an individual with smoking habit, which account for the pathogenesis of RA. Citation8 On the other hand, smoking habits and sex (females) are some of the exposure risk factors for the pathogenesis of RA. Citation7 The risk of RA elevated in patients with low-income status. Citation6 The study conducted in China showed that disease activity in RA patients had a significant association with educational levels. The risk of RA is mostly associated with low socio-economic level of patients, including low educational status. DAS-28 CRP is mostly applied as compared to DAS-28 ESR due to its decreased confounding effect. Citation4 Disease activity score-28 (DAS-28) utilizes both CRP and ESR to measure disease activity in RA patients. Citation2 The disease activity score (DAS) has been associated with multi-biochemical marker, including CRP level. Citation3 The binding of CRP to Fc portion of immunoglobulin activates the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic inflammation. Citation2 The disease activity score in RA patients can be measured using both C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). Citation1 Thus, chronic inflammation in synovial joint leads to systemic complication and destruction of joints. ![]() It is a challenge to develop methods of assessment and interventions that will ensure that the violence and its underlying causes are directly addressed.Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disorder, which is associated with increased pro-inflammatory mediators to induce an elevation in acute-phase response, migration of immune cells, and swelling of synovial joints. It was shown that children who reported parental intimate-partner violence were at a considerably higher risk for abuse than other children and that only 7% of the children exposed to violence had disclosed this to authorities.Ĭonclusion: Even though child abuse in Sweden has decreased markedly during the last 40 years, violence against children is still a considerable problem. There were strong associations between abuse and risk factors and there was a dose–response relationship between risks and reported abuse. Results: A total of 15.2% of the children reported that they had been hit. Data were analysed with bi- and multivariate models and a comparison between means of accumulating risk factors between three groups were performed. The pupils were asked about their exposure to violence and their experiences of parental intimate-partner violence. Methods: A population-based survey was carried out in 2008 amongst all the pupils in three different grades (n = 8494) in schools in Södermanland County, Sweden. Aim: To examine prevalence rates of child physical abuse perpetrated by a parent/caretaker, abuse characteristics and the extent of disclosures. ![]()
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